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Jus trium liberorum
The jus trium liberorum, meaning “the right of three children” in Latin,〔Perseus Digital Library Project〕 was a privilege rewarded to Roman citizens who had borne at least three children or freedmen who had borne at least four children.〔Berger, pg. 530〕 It was a direct result of the Lex Iulia and the Lex Papia Poppaea, bodies of legislation introduced by Augustus in 18 BCE and 9 CE, respectively.〔Yue, pg. 685〕 These bodies of legislation were conceived to grow the dwindling population of the Roman upper classes. The intent of the jus trium liberorum has caused scholars to interpret it as eugenic legislation.〔Field, pg. 398-399〕 Men who had received the jus trium liberorum were excused from munera. Women with jus trium liberorum were no longer submitted to tutela mulierum and could receive inheritances otherwise bequest to their children.〔Berger, pg. 530〕 The public reaction to the jus trium liberorum was largely to find loopholes, however. The prospect of having a large family was still not appealing.〔Field, pg. 408〕 A person who caught a citizen in violation in this law was entitled to a portion of the inheritance involved, creating a lucrative business for professional spies.〔Yue, pg. 686〕 The spies became so pervasive that the reward was reduced to a quarter of its previous size.〔Field, pg. 412〕 As time went on the jus trium liberorum was granted to those by consuls as rewards for general good deeds, holding important professions or as personal favors, not just prolific propagation.〔Field, pg. 408〕 Eventually the jus trium liberorum was repealed in 534 CE by Justinian.〔Field, pg. 398〕
==Background==
During the Augustan period the upper classes, the senatorial and equestrian orders, were diminishing in number. These classes formed the backbone of the state, forming the empire’s civil and military administration. The classes’ populations had been affected by the recent civil wars, proscription, and most importantly, low birth rates within the classes. The decrease in birth rate was even more dramatic than is typical for the increase in Rome’s development.〔Field, pg. 399〕 The Lex Iulia and the Papia Poppaea had been able to increase marriage rates within the upper classes, but the birthrate had not increased enough through these bodies of legislation alone. For this reason the jus trium liberorum was enacted.〔Field, pg. 402〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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